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What is a cough? There are three phrases to a cough reflex: - An inhalation (breathing in) - An increased pressure in the throat and lungs with the vocal cords closed - An explosive release of air when the vocal cords open, giving a cough its characteristic sound If someone coughs a lot, it can be a sign of a disease. Many coughs are caused by infectious diseases, like the common cold, but there are also non-infectious causes. Coughs can be due to pollution / irritation, GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), choking, chronic bronchitis, asthma or emphysema, a tumor in the lung, heart failure, some drugs (eg, ACE inhibitors), post-nasal drip, and smoking . --Classification of coughs-- - Acute cough - has a sudden onset and lasts up to 3 weeks - Subacute cough - persists for 3-8 weeks - Chronic cough - persists for over 8 weeks - Productive cough - a cough that brings stuff up, such as sputum - Dry cough - a cough that brings nothing up - Nocturnal cough - only occurs at night Causes o...

--Types of gingivitis-- -There are two main categories of gingival diseases: Dental plaque-induced gingival disease: this can be caused by plaque, systemic factors, medications, or malnutrition. Non-plaque induced gingival lesions: this can be caused by a specific bacterium, virus, or fungus. It might also be caused by genetic factors, systemic conditions (including allergic reactions and certain illnesses), wounds, or reactions to foreign bodies (such as dentures). Alternatively, no cause might be found. What causes gingivitis? -The accumulation of plaque and tartar The most common cause of gingivitis is the accumulation of bacterial plaque between and around the teeth; the plaque triggers an immune response, which, in turn, can eventually lead to the destruction of gingival (gum) tissue. It may also, eventually, lead to further complications, including the loss of teeth. -Dental plaque Dental plaque is a biofilm that accumulates naturally on the teeth. It is usually formed by coloniz...

What is erectile dysfunction? A man is considered to have erectile dysfunction if he regularly finds it difficult getting or keeping a firm enough erection to be able to have sex, or if it interferees with other sexual activity. Most men have sometimes experienced some difficulty with their penis becoming hard or staying firm. However, erectile dysfunction is only considered a concern if satisfactory sexual performance has been impossible on a number of occasions for some time. Broadly, two forms of erectile dysfunction can affect men's sex lives - the main cause is either medical or psychosocial. Medical - these are illnesses or anatomical changes that prevent the penis from becoming or staying erect. Psychosocial - this refers to psychological influences on sexual performance; it may include problems within a relationship or stress at work. It is important to note that there can be overlap between medical and psychosocial causes. For instance, if a man is obese, blood flow change...

--Causes of constipation-- Man suffering with constipation Constipation happens when the colon absorbs too much water; this can occur if the muscles in the colon are contracting slowly or poorly, causing the stool to move too slowly and lose more water. These are the most common causes of constipation: 1) Lack of fiber in diet People whose diets include a good quantity of fiber are significantly less likely to suffer from constipation. It is important to consume foods rich in fiber such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Fiber promotes bowel movements and prevents constipation. Foods that are low in fiber include high-fat foods, such as cheese, meat, and eggs. 2) Physical inactivity Constipation can occur if someone becomes too physically inactive; this is especially the case in older adults. For individuals who have been bedridden for a long time, perhaps for several days or weeks, their risk of having constipation is significantly increased. Experts are not sure why. Some belie...

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. How great the pressure is depends on the work being done by the heart and the resistance of the blood vessels. Medical guidelines define hypertension as a blood pressure higher than 140 over 90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The systolic reading of 140 mmHg refers to the pressure as the heart pumps blood around the body. The diastolic reading of 90 mmHg refers to the pressure as the heart relaxes and refills with blood. --Causes-- Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It is lower during sleep and higher on awakening. Occasionally having high blood pressure for a short time is a normal physiological response to many situations. Acute stress and intense exercise, for example, can briefly elevate blood pressure in a healthy person. For this reason, a diagnosis of hypertension normally requires several readings that show high blood pressure over time. However, a reading of 180 over 110 mmHg or high...

--Causes of dyspnea-- An episode of dyspnea is not always directly related to an individual's health. A person can feel short of breath after intense exercise, when traveling to a high altitude, or going through major temperature changes. [woman catching breath] A person with dyspnea will have trouble taking a deep breath. However, dyspnea usually relates to health problems. Sometimes, it is just a case of being out of shape, and exercise can improve symptoms. But dyspnea can be a sign of a serious health issue. According to Dr. Steven Wahls, the most common causes of dyspnea are asthma, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, pneumonia, and psychogenic problems that are usually linked to anxiety. --Treatment-- To treat dyspnea, doctors will address the cause of the breathing difficulties and work with the individual to help them breathe more easily. [man with fan] A stream of cool air around the face and neck may help. Specific treat...

--Causes of stomach ulcers-- The two main causes of ulcers of the stomach and small intestine are: - Helicobacter pylori bacteria - A class of painkillers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, (NSAIDs) Less common causes of stomach ulcers include: - Excess stomach acidity (hyperacidity) - this can occur for a range of reasons, including genetics, smoking, stress, and some foods - Zollinger-Ellison - a disease that causes an excess of stomach acid to be produced (rare) --Stomach ulcer symptoms-- A woman is lying down with abdominal pain. Pain is the main symptom of a stomach ulcer, either around the stomach or slightly higher up. The classic symptom of a stomach ulcer is indigestion, also called dyspepsia. Indigestion causes pain or discomfort in the stomach area. This symptom can be mistaken for heartburn, which can occur at the same time. Heartburn can be caused by acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It occurs slightly higher up from the stomach and is felt in th...

Different types of stomatitis There are two main types of stomatitis: -Canker sores These are also known as aphthous ulcers and are part of the most common cause of stomatitis. The sores are pale white or yellowish in color with a red outer ring. Canker sores can develop singly or in a cluster and usually occur on the inside of the lips or cheek, or on the tongue. Canker sores lead to acute, temporary pain. In minor cases, which are the most usual, the ulcers heal within 4-14 days. In more severe cases, which account for about 1 in 10 of all cases of stomatitis, the sores can last up to 6 weeks. Anyone can get canker sores, although women and people in their teens and 20s are more likely to experience them. They can run in families but are not contagious. - Cold sores Cold sores are small, painful, fluid-filled sores that usually occur on or around the lips near the edge of the mouth. Caused by the herpes virus (HSV), the condition is also known as herpes stomatitis. A person may exper...

What is alopecia areata? Alopecia areata is "a common condition of undetermined etiology characterized by circumscribed, nonscarring, usually asymmetric areas of baldness on the scalp, eyebrows, and bearded portion of the face." In the majority of cases, hair falls out in small patches around the size of a quarter. For most people, the hair loss is nothing more than a few patches, though in some cases it can be more extreme. Sometimes, it can lead to the complete loss of hair on the scalp (alopecia totalis) or, in extreme cases, the entire body (alopecia universalis). Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune disease, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells instead of harmful foreign invaders. In the case of alopecia areata, the immune system attacks the hair follicles causing inflammation, which leads to hair loss. --Causes of alopecia areata-- The condition occurs when white blood cells attack the cells in hair follicles, causing them to ...

What is tonsillitis? Tonsils are situated at the back of the throat. They are collections of lymphoid tissue, which forms part of the immune system. In total, people have four sets of tonsils, but, usually, when they are referred to as "the tonsils," it means the palatine tonsils. The palatine tonsils are the only tonsils that are visible under normal circumstances. Tonsils are at their largest size around the time of puberty and, from that point on, they slowly atrophy (shrink). The tonsils are the body's first line of defense against inhaled bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that cause disease. Specialized cells on the surface of the tonsils alert B cells and T cells in the immune system and they mount an immune defense. Tonsils also produce T cells. The vast majority of people, whether given medication or not, will fully recover from tonsillitis within a matter of days. Most symptoms will resolve within 7-10 days. --Causes of tonsillitis-- Because the tonsils are ...

What is inflammation? Inflammation is part of the body's immune response. Initially, it can be beneficial when, for example, your knee sustains a blow and tissues need care and protection. However, sometimes, inflammation can persist longer than necessary, causing more harm than benefit. --Inflammation helps wounds heal-- Our immediate reaction to a swelling is to try and decrease it. However, it is important to remember that inflammation is an essential part of the body's attempt to heal itself. The first stage of inflammation is often called irritation, which then becomes inflammation - the immediate healing process. Inflammation is followed by suppuration (discharging of pus). Then there is the granulation stage, the formation of new tissue in a wound during healing. Inflammation is part of a complex biological response to harmful stimuli. Without inflammation, infections and wounds would never heal. --Inflammation is part of our innate immunity-- Our innate immunity is natu...

1) Type 1 diabetes The body does not produce insulin. Some people may refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes, or early-onset diabetes. People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th year, often in early adulthood or teenage years. Type 1 diabetes is nowhere near as common as type 2 diabetes. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1. Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet. 2) Type 2 diabetes The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin (insulin resistance). Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are type 2. Diabetes patient measuring glucose level in bloodMeasuring the glucose level in blood Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a health...

What is leprosy? Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is believed to be transmitted by droplets from the mouth or nose of severely affected individuals. In opposition to its reputation, leprosy is not particularly contagious. Around 95% of the world's population are naturally immune and, even after prolonged exposure, will not pick up the disease. If the infected individual does not receive treatment, muscle weakness slowly progresses, leading to atrophy (shriveling up) of the muscles. Leprotic nerve damage leads to an inability to feel pain; because of this lack of feeling, repeated injuries may go unnoticed and the extremities are delayed to being damaged and historically lost. --Symptoms of leprosy-- The symptoms of leprosy can differ from individual to individual. The main symptoms of leprosy include: - Appearance of skin lesions that are lighter than normal skin and remain for weeks or months - Patches of skin...

What is leprosy? Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is believed to be transmitted by droplets from the mouth or nose of severely affected individuals. In opposition to its reputation, leprosy is not particularly contagious. Around 95% of the world's population are naturally immune and, even after prolonged exposure, will not pick up the disease. If the infected individual does not receive treatment, muscle weakness slowly progresses, leading to atrophy (shriveling up) of the muscles. Leprotic nerve damage leads to an inability to feel pain; because of this lack of feeling, repeated injuries may go unnoticed and the extremities are delayed to being damaged and historically lost. --Symptoms of leprosy-- The symptoms of leprosy can differ from individual to individual. The main symptoms of leprosy include: - Appearance of skin lesions that are lighter than normal skin and remain for weeks or months - Patches of skin...

What are the symptoms of herpes? Most people do not experience symptoms for months or years after becoming infected. Those who do have symptoms during the initial period will usually notice them about 4 days after exposure (the average range is 2-12 days). Many people with HSV have recurring herpes. When a person is first infected, the recurrences tend to happen more frequently. Over time, however, the remission periods get longer, and each occurrence tends to become less severe. -- Primary infection symptoms -- Primary infection is a term used for an outbreak of genital herpes that occurs when a person is first infected. The symptoms can be quite severe and may include: - blisters and ulceration on external genitalia, in the vagina, or on the cervix - vaginal discharge - pain and itching - tender, enlarged lymph nodes - pain when urinating - high temperature (fever) - malaise (feeling unwell) - cold sores around the mouth - red blisters on the skin In most cases, the ulcers will heal,...

What is an allergy? Allergies are a very common overreaction of the immune system to usually harmless substances. When a person with an allergy comes into contact with an allergen, the allergic reaction is not immediate. The immune system gradually builds up sensitivity to the substance before overreacting. The immune system needs time to recognize and remember the allergen. As it becomes sensitive to the substance, the immune system starts making antibodies to attack it. This process is called sensitization. Sensitization can take a few days or several years. In many cases, the sensitization process is not completed. The patient experiences some symptoms but not a full allergy. Allergies may also be seasonal. For example, hay fever symptoms can peak between April and May, as the pollen count in the air is much higher. -- Symptoms -- An allergic reaction causes inflammation and irritation. The signs and symptoms depend on the type of allergen. Allergic reactions may occur in the gut, s...